Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder affecting children as well as adults. The patient experiences episodes of convulsive body movements medically termed as seizures. The seizures are typically described and observed as spasmodic, irregular body movements, affecting various muscle groups of the body. It may present with varying intensity and duration, and different groups of muscles in different individuals, at different times.

Typically, epilepsy or seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain which is reflected in different groups of muscles.

Epilepsy is a chronic disease having a tendency to relapse periodically and for many years to a lifetime, if not adequately treated.

Signs and symptoms of epilepsy:

The most common symptom or a sign of epilepsy is recurrent seizures or convulsions.

Seizures are involuntary movements, like jerking or thrashing, or experiencing unusual feelings or sensations, which can be associated with loss of consciousness or being unaware of things happening around.

One may experience and describe seizures in various ways, as it is often a subjective experience:

• Before the appearance of a seizure may be hours or days ago, a person can notice various changes in his behavior or mood.
• The relevant history can be obtained from a friend or the patient himself.
• The patient can also experience an aura before the seizure attack, something like “déjà vu” phenomenon in which the patient feels that he has seen this before or lived this before or can smell strange things or see flashes of lights.
• After a partial seizure, there may be a temporary weakness of the affected limb.
• After a generalized seizure, the patient may feel awful with headaches, myalgia, confusion, and a sore tongue. It all happens because the transmission of the electrical activity between the brain cells pauses for a while manifesting as seizures.

Seizures could be of various forms, but for a given patient they tend to be stereotyped.

Generally, seizures can also be caused due to a decrease in sodium salts from the body, or due to high fever, or even hypoxia.

The diagnosis could be stigmatizing and has implications for employment, insurance, and driving.

Not everything that twitches is epilepsy, but tongue-biting is very suggestive of epilepsy

Causes of epilepsy:

There are several possible causes of epilepsy: They may be grouped as:

Physical causes:

• Trauma
• Space occupying lesion
• Stroke
• Very raised blood pressure
• Tuberous sclerosis

Metabolic causes:

• Hypoglycemia (low sugar level)
• Hyperglycemia (high sugar level)
• Hypoxia low oxygen level)
• Uremia
• Hyponatraemia (low sodium level)
• Hypernatraemia (high sodium level)
• Hypocalcaemia
• Liver diseases
• Alcohol withdrawal
• Drugs-phenothiazines, cocaine, benzodiazepines

Infections:

• Encephalitis
• Syphilis
• Cysticercosis
• HIV

Classification of epilepsy:

The seizures that the patient experiences are of various forms, they are classified as below:

Partial epilepsy:

In this, the patient may lose consciousness, there may be twitching or jerking of one single part like the twitching of finger or fingers, or twitching of facial muscles. It happens because of the pausing of the electrical activity in the brain, which could be in one part or can move to another part or may stay in one area until the seizure is over.

Generalized seizure

Electrical disturbances occurring all over the brain at the same time are generalized seizures. They are further classified as follows:

1. Petit mal: the conversation is associated with brief pauses e.g.: suddenly stops talking in the middle of the sentence, and then carries on where he left off. Usually seen in childhood.
2. Grand mal: has a sudden onset, with loss of consciousness, limbs stiffened, and then they jerk and can feel drowsy post-seizure.
3. Myoclonic jerk: sudden fall on the ground or giving up of the limb.
4. Atonic: becoming flaccid
5. Akinetic: usually associated with less motility of limbs like in infantile spasms

Diagnosis of epilepsy:

• Obtaining an authentic history from the patient and the witness
• Establishment of the cause
• Past medical history or family history
• Blood glucose both fasting and post-food
• CBC
• Calcium and phosphorus levels
• Imaging: CT scan and MRI (also MRI angiography) is indicated to evaluate the structural changes in the brain
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) is suggested for non conclusive status.

Treatment of epilepsy:

a. Conventional treatment:

Diagnosing epilepsy in error can be hazardous as conventional therapy has significant side effects.

Carbamazepine: Usually used as the first line of treatment in partial seizures.

Toxic effects: rash, nausea, diplopia, dizziness, fluid retention, Hyponatraemia, blood dyscrasias

Sodium valproate: Usually used as the first line of treatment in generalized seizure.

Toxic effects: sedation, tremors, increased weight, hair thinning, ankle swelling, hyperammonaemia, and liver failure.

Phenytoin: No longer used as the first choice of drug in partial a swell as generalized epilepsy

Due to its toxicity: nystagmus, diplopia, tremors, dysarthria, and ataxia.

Toxic effects: decrease intellect, depression, impaired drive, polyneuropathy, acne, Gum hypertrophy, blood dyscrasias.

Surgical treatment in epilepsy:

About one-third of the patients suffering from epilepsy opt for surgical intervention due to failure in antiepileptic medication. Few of these patients experience seizure control after removal of the affected part of the brain causing seizures. This is called seizure surgery.

Usually, the surgery is done to get rid of seizures but the purpose of surgery is not to get off antiepileptic drugs because even after successful epileptic surgery the patient has to take antiepileptic drugs to remain seizure-free.

Homeopathic treatment:

Homeopathy for epilepsy is strongly recommended as a supportive line of treatment along with conventional treatment, in most cases.

It may be stated that epilepsy treatment in homeopathy alone may not help all the cases. At the same time, it is worth making a note that many cases of epilepsy which were resistant to the conventional medication, do respond significantly to homeopathy.

In the cases where a brain tumor is the cause of epilepsy, epilepsy homeopathy medicine is not suggested as the line of treatment.